REV. B

Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.

AD9774

One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781/329-4700

World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com

Fax: 781/326-8703

© Analog Devices, Inc., 1998

14-Bit, 32 MSPS TxDAC+TM

with 4 Interpolation Filters

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

VCO

IN/EXT

PLL

DIVIDE

PLLCOM

REFLO

PLL CLOCK
MULTIPLIER

REFIO

SNOOZE

IOUTA

FSADJ

AD9774

SLEEP

DCOM

DVDD

ICOMP ACOM AVDD

+1.2V REFERENCE

AND CONTROL AMP

PLL

ENABLE

PLLLOCK

CLK4 IN

PLLVDD

LPF

IOUTB

EDGE

TRIGGERED

LATCHES

14-BIT

DAC

DATA

INPUTS

(DB13-DB0)

CLK IN/OUT

REFCOMP

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The AD9774 is a single supply, oversampling, 14-bit digital-to-
analog converter (DAC) optimized for waveform reconstruction
applications requiring exceptional dynamic range. Manufac-
tured on an advanced CMOS process, it integrates a complete,
low distortion 14-bit DAC with a 4

digital interpolation filter

and clock multiplier. The two-stage, 4

digital interpolation

filter provides more than a six-fold reduction in the complexity
of the analog reconstruction-filter. It does so by multiplying the
input data rate by a factor of four while simultaneously suppressing
the original inband images by more than 69 dB. The on-chip
clock multiplier provides all the necessary clocks. The AD9774
can reconstruct full-scale waveforms having bandwidths as high
as 13.5 MHz when operating at an input data rate of 32 MSPS
and a DAC output rate of 128 MSPS.

The 14-bit DAC provides differential current outputs to support
differential or single-ended applications. A segmented current
source architecture is combined with a proprietary switching tech-
nique to reduce spurious components and enhance dynamic per-
formance. Matching between the two current outputs ensures
enhanced dynamic performance in a differential output configura-
tion. The differential current outputs may be fed into a transformer
or tied directly to an output resistor to provide two complementary,
single-ended voltage outputs. A differential op amp topology can
also be used to obtain a single-ended output voltage. The output
voltage compliance range is nominally 1.25 V.

Edge-triggered input latches, a 4

clock multiplier, and a tem-

perature compensated bandgap reference have also been inte-
grated to provide a complete monolithic DAC solution. Flexible
supply options support +3 V and +5 V CMOS logic families.
TTL logic levels can also be accommodated by reducing the
AD9774 digital supply.

The on-chip reference and control amplifier are configured for
maximum accuracy and flexibility. The AD9774 can be driven
by the on-chip reference or by a variety of external reference
voltages. The full-scale current of the AD9774 can be adjusted
over a 2 mA to 20 mA range, thus providing additional gain
ranging capabilities.

The AD9774 is available in a 44-lead MQFP package. It is
specified for operation over the industrial temperature range.

PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS

1. On-Chip 4

interpolation filter eases analog reconstruction

filter requirements by suppressing the first three images by 69 dB.

2. Low glitch and fast settling time provide outstanding dynamic

performance for waveform reconstruction or digital synthesis
requirements, including communications.

3. On-chip, edge-triggered input CMOS latches interface readily

to CMOS and TTL logic families. The AD9774 can support
input data rates up to 32 MSPS.

4. A temperature compensated, 1.20 V bandgap reference is

included on-chip, providing a complete DAC solution. An
external reference may also be used.

5. The current output(s) of the AD9774 can easily be configured

for various single-ended or differential circuit topologies.

6. On-chip clock multiplier generates all the high-speed clocks

required by the internal interpolation filters. Both 2

and 4

clocks are generated from the lower rate data clock supplied
by the user.

TxDAC+ is a trademark of Analog Devices, Inc.

FEATURES
Single 3 V or 5 V Supply
14-Bit DAC Resolution and Input Data Width
32 MSPS Input Data Rate at 5 V
13.5 MHz Reconstruction Bandwidth
12 ENOBS @ 1 MHz
77 dBc SFDR @ 5 MHz
4 Interpolation Filter

69 dB Image Rejection
84% Passband to Nyquist Ratio
0.002 dB Passband Ripple
23 3/4 Cycle Latency

Internal 4 Clock Multiplier
On-Chip 1.20 V Reference
44-Lead MQFP Package

APPLICATIONS
Communication Transmit Channel:

Wireless Basestations
ADSL/HFC Modems

Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS)

REV. B

AD9774SPECIFICATIONS

DC SPECIFICATIONS

Parameter

Min

Typ

Max

Units

RESOLUTION

Bits

DC ACCURACY

Integral Linearity Error (INL)

= +25

LSB

MIN

to T

MAX

Differential Nonlinearity (DNL)

= +25

LSB

MIN

to T

MAX

Monotonicity (12-Bit)

GUARANTEED OVER RATED SPECIFICATION TEMPERATURE RANGE

ANALOG OUTPUT

Offset Error

0.025

+0.025

% of FSR

Gain Error (Without Internal Reference)

% of FSR

Gain Error (With Internal Reference)

+7.5

% of FSR

Full-Scale Output Current

Output Compliance Range

1.25

Output Resistance

100

Output Capacitance

REFERENCE OUTPUT

Reference Voltage

1.14

1.20

1.26

Reference Output Current

REFERENCE INPUT

Input Compliance Range

0.1

1.25

Reference Input Resistance

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS

Unipolar Offset Drift

ppm of FSR/

Gain Drift (Without Internal Reference)

ppm of FSR/

Gain Drift (With Internal Reference)

100

ppm of FSR/

Reference Voltage Drift

100

ppm of FSR/

POWER SUPPLY

AVDD

Voltage Range

2.7

5.0

5.5

Analog Supply Current (I

AVDD

)

26.5

Analog Supply Current in SLEEP Mode (I

AVDD

)

3.2

PLLVDD

Voltage Range

2.7

5.0

5.5

Clock Multiplier Supply Current (I

PLLVDD

)

DVDD

Voltage Range

2.7

5.0

5.5

Digital Supply Current at 5 V (I

DVDD

)

123.0

140.0

Digital Supply Current at 5 V in SNOOZE Mode (I

DVDD

)

42.0

50.0

Digital Supply Current at 3 V (I

DVDD

)

62.0

Nominal Power Dissipation

AVDD and DVDD at 3 V

415

AVDD and DVDD at 5 V

1125

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

AVDD

0.2

+0.2

% of FSR/V

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

PLLVDD

0.025

+0.025

% of FSR/V

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

DVDD

0.025

+0.025

% of FSR/V

OPERATING RANGE

+85

NOTES

Measured at IOUTA driving a virtual ground.

Nominal full-scale current, IOUTFS, is 32

the I

REF

current.

Use an external amplifier to drive any external load.

For operation below 3 V, it is recommended that the output current be reduced to 12 mA or less to maintain optimum performance.

Measured at f

CLOCK

= 25 MSPS and f

OUT

= 1.01 MHz.

Measured as unbuffered voltage output into 50

LOAD

at IOUTA and IOUTB, f

CLOCK

= 32 MSPS and f

OUT

= 12.8 MHz.

5% power supply variation.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

MIN

to T

MAX

, AVDD = +5 V, PLLVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, I

OUTFS

= 20 mA, unless otherwise noted)

REV. B

AD9774

DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS

Parameter

Min

Typ

Max

Units

DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

Maximum Output Update Rate w/DVDD = 5 V

128

MSPS

Maximum Output Update Rate

w/DVDD = 3 V

100

128

MSPS

Output Settling Time (t

) (to 0.025%)

Output Propagation Delay (t

)

Clocks

Glitch Impulse

pV-s

Output Rise Time (10% to 90%)

2.5

Output Fall Time (10% to 90%)

2.5

Output Noise (I

OUTFS

= 20 mA)

pA/

AC LINEARITY TO NYQUIST

Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) to Nyquist

CLOCK

= 25 MSPS; f

OUT

= 1.01 MHz

0 dBFS Output

6 dBFS Output

12 dBFS Output

18 dBFS Output

CLOCK

= 32 MSPS; f

OUT

= 1.01 MHz

CLOCK

= 32 MSPS; f

OUT

= 5.01 MHz

CLOCK

= 32 MSPS; f

OUT

= 10.01 MHz

CLOCK

= 32 MSPS; f

OUT

= 13.01 MHz

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

CLOCK

= 25 MSPS; f

OUT

= 1.01 MHz; 0 dBFS

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

CLOCK

= 25 MSPS; f

OUT

= 1.01 MHz; 0 dBFS

NOTES

Propagation delay is delay from data input to DAC update.

Measured single-ended into 50

load.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

MIN

to T

MAX

, AVDD = +5 V, PLLVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, I

OUTFS

= 20 mA, Differential Transformer

Coupled Output, 50

Doubly Terminated, unless otherwise noted)

DIGITAL SPECIFICATIONS

Parameter

Min

Typ

Max

Units

DIGITAL INPUTS

Logic "1" Voltage @ DVDD = +5 V

3.5

Logic "1" Voltage @ DVDD = +3 V

2.1

Logic "0" Voltage @ DVDD = +5 V

1.3

Logic "0" Voltage @ DVDD = +3 V

0.9

Logic "1" Current

+10

Logic "0" Current

+10

Input Capacitance

Input Setup Time (t

)

2.5

Input Hold Time (t

)

1.5

Latch Pulsewidth (t

LPW

)

MIN

to T

MAX

, AVDD = +5 V, PLLVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, I

OUTFS

= 20 mA unless otherwise noted)

0.025%

LPW

DB0DB11

CLOCK

IOUTA

IOUTB

Figure 1. Timing Diagram

REV. B

AD9774SPECIFICATIONS

DIGITAL FILTER SPECIFICATIONS

Parameter

Min

Typ

Max

Units

MAXIMUM INPUT CLOCK RATE (f

CLOCK

)

DVDD = 5 V

MSPS

DVDD = 3 V

MSPS

DIGITAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

Passband Width

: 0.005 dB

0.410

OUT

CLOCK

Passband Width: 0.01 dB

0.414

OUT

CLOCK

Passband Width: 0.1 dB

0.420

OUT

CLOCK

Passband Width: 3 dB

0.482

OUT

CLOCK

LINEAR PHASE (FIR IMPLEMENTATION)

STOPBAND REJECTION

0.591 f

CLOCK

to 3.419 f

CLOCK

69.5

0.591 f

CLOCK

to 1.409 f

CLOCK

79.5

GROUP DELAY

Input Clocks

IMPULSE RESPONSE DURATION

40 dB

Input Clocks

60 dB

Input Clocks

NOTES

Excludes sinx/x characteristic of DAC.

Defined as the number of data clock cycles between impulse input and peak of output response.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

MIN

to T

MAX

, AVDD = +2.7 V to +5.5 V, DVDD = +2.7 V to +5.5 V, I

OUTFS

= 20 mA unless

otherwise noted)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*

With
Respect

Parameter

Min

Max

Units

AVDD

ACOM

0.3

+6.5

DVDD

DCOM

0.3

+6.5

PLLVDD

PLLCOM

0.3

+6.5

ACOM

DCOM

0.3

+0.3

PLLCOM

ACOM

0.3

+0.3

PLLCOM

DCOM

0.3

+0.3

AVDD

DVDD

6.5

+6.5

PLLVDD

DVDD

0.3

+6.5

PLLVDD

AVDD

0.3

+6.5

CLKIN, CLK4

DVDD

0.3

+6.5

SLEEP, SNOOZE

DCOM

0.3

DVDD + 0.3

Digital Inputs

DCOM

0.3

DVDD + 0.3

PLL DIVIDE, LPF

ACOM

0.3

PLLVDD + 0.3 V

PLLLOCK

ACOM

0.3

PLLVDD + 0.3 V

VCO IN/EXT

ACOM

0.3

PLLVDD + 0.3 V

IOUTA/IOUTB

ACOM

0.3

AVDD + 0.3

REFIO, FSADJ

ACOM

0.3

AVDD + 0.3

FSADJ

ACOM

0.3

AVDD + 0.3

ICOMP

ACOM

0.3

AVDD + 0.3

REFCOM

ACOM

0.3

+0.3

Junction Temperature

+150

Storage Temperature

+150

Lead Temperature

+300

(10 sec)

*Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause perma-

nent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational
sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings
for extended periods may effect device reliability.

ORDERING GUIDE

Temperature

Package

Model

Range

Description

Option*

AD9774AS

C to +85

44-Lead MQFP

S-44

AD9774EB

Evaluation Board

*S = Metric Quad Flatpack.

THERMAL CHARACTERISTIC
Thermal Resistance

44-Lead MQFP

= 53.2

C/W

= 19

C/W

AD9774

REV. B

CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the AD9774 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

Table I. Integer Filter Coefficients for First Stage Interpola-
tion Filter (55-Tap Halfband FIR Filter)

Lower

Upper

Integer

Coefficient

Value

H(1)

H(55)

H(2)

H(54)

H(3)

H(53)

H(4)

H(52)

H(5)

H(51)

H(6)

H(50)

H(7)

H(49)

H(8)

H(48)

H(9)

H(47)

H(10)

H(46)

H(11)

H(45)

H(12)

H(44)

H(13)

H(43)

H(14)

H(42)

H(15)

H(41)

128

H(16)

H(40)

H(17)

H(39)

196

H(18)

H(38)

H(19)

H(37)

295

H(20)

H(36)

H(21)

H(35)

447

H(22)

H(34)

H(23)

H(33)

706

H(24)

H(32)

H(25)

H(31)

1274

H(26)

H(30)

H(27)

H(29)

3976

H(28)

6276

Table II. Integer Filter Coefficients for Second Stage Inter-
polation Filter (23-Tap Halfband FIR Filter)

Lower

Upper

Integer

Coefficient

Value

H(1)

H(23)

H(2)

H(22)

H(3)

H(21)

H(4)

H(20)

H(5)

H(19)

125

H(6)

H(18)

H(7)

H(17)

316

H(8)

H(16)

H(9)

H(15)

736

H(10)

H(14)

H(11)

H(13)

2562

H(12)

4096

FREQUENCY DC TO 2

CLOCK

20

180

0.5

OUTPUT dBFS

80

120

140

160

40

60

100

1.0

1.5

2.0

Figure 2a. FIR Filter Frequency Response

TIME Samples

1.0

0.4

NORMALIZED OUTPUT

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.6

Figure 2b. FIR Filter Impulse Response

WARNING!

ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE

AD9774

REV. B

PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

Pin No.

Name

Description

1, 19, 40, 44

DCOM

Digital Common.

DB13

Most Significant Data Bit (MSB).

314

DB12DB1

Data Bits 112.

DB0

Least Significant Data Bit (LSB).

16, 17, 42

No Internal Connection.

18, 41

DVDD

Digital Supply Voltage (+2.7 V to +5.5 V).

CLK IN/OUT

Clock Input when PLL Clock Multiplier enabled. Clock Output when PLL Clock Multiplier
disabled. Data latched on rising edge.

PLLLOCK

Phase Lock Loop Lock Signal. Active High indicates PLL is locked to input clock.

CLK4

External 4

Clock Input when PLL is disabled. No Connect when internal PLL is active.

PLLDIVIDE

PLL Range Control Pin. Connect to PLLCOM if CLKIN is above 10 MSPS. Connect to
PLLVDD if CLKIN is between 10 MSPS and 5.5 MSPS.

VCO IN/EXT

Internal Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Enable/Disable Pin. Connect to PLLVDD to enable
VCO. Connect to PLLCOM to disable VCO and drive CLK4

IN with external VCO output.

LPF

PLL Loop Filter Node. Connect to external VCO control input if internal VCO disabled.

PLLVDD

Phase Lock Loop (PLL) Supply Voltage (+2.7 V to +5.5 V). Must be set to similar voltage as DVDD.

PLLCOM

Phase Lock Loop Common.

PLLENABLE

Phase Lock Loop Enable. Connect to PLLVDD to enable. Connect to PLLCOM to disable.

UNUSED

Factory Test. Leave Open.

REFLO

Reference Ground when Internal 1.2 V Reference Used. Connect to AVDD to disable internal
reference.

REFIO

Reference Input/Output. Serves as reference input when internal reference disabled (i.e., tie REFLO
to AVDD). Serves as 1.2 V reference output when internal reference activated (i.e., tie REFLO to
ACOM). Requires 0.1

F capacitor to ACOM when internal reference activated.

FSADJ

Full-Scale Current Output Adjust.

REFCOMP

Noise Reduction Node. Add 0.1

F to AVDD.

ACOM

Analog Common.

AVDD

Analog Supply Voltage (+2.7 V to +5.5 V).

IOUTB

Complementary DAC Current Output. Full-scale current when all data bits are 0s.

IOUTA

DAC Current Output. Full-scale current when all data bits are 1s.

ICOMP

Internal bias node for switch driver circuitry. Decouple to ACOM with 0.1

F capacitor.

SLEEP

Power-Down Control Input. Active High. Connect to DCOM if not used.

SNOOZE

SNOOZE Control Input. Deactivates 4

interpolation filter to reduce digital power consumption

only. Active High. Connect to DCOM if not used.

PIN CONFIGURATION

40 39 38

36 35 34

PIN 1
IDENTIFIER

TOP VIEW

(Not to Scale)

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

REFCOMP

FSADJ

REFIO

REFLO

UNUSED

PLLENABLE

PLLCOM

AD9774

DCOM

DB13

DB12

DB11

DB10

DB9

DB8

NC = NO CONNECT

DB7

DB6

DB5

DB4

PLLVDD

LPF

VCO IN/EXT

PLLDIVIDE

DB3

DB2

DB1

DB0

DVDD

DCOM

CLK IN/OUT

PLLLOCK

CLK4

IOUTB

ACOM

DCOM

SNOOZE

DVDD

IOUTA

AVDD

DCOM

SLEEP

ICOMP

AD9774

REV. B

DEFINITIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS
Linearity Error (Also Called Integral Nonlinearity or INL)

Linearity error is defined as the maximum deviation of the actual
analog output from the ideal output, determined by a straight
line drawn from zero to full scale.

Differential Nonlinearity (or DNL)

DNL is the measure of the variation in analog value, normalized
to full scale, associated with a 1 LSB change in digital input code.

Monotonicity

A D/A converter is monotonic if the output either increases or
remains constant as the digital input increases.

Offset Error

The deviation of the output current from the ideal of zero is
called offset error. For IOUTA, 0 mA output is expected when
the inputs are all 0s. For IOUTB, 0 mA output is expected
when all inputs are set to 1s.

Gain Error

The difference between the actual and ideal output span. The
actual span is determined by the output when all inputs are set
to 1s, minus the output when all inputs are set to 0s.

Output Compliance Range

The range of allowable voltage at the output of a current-output
DAC. Operation beyond the maximum compliance limits may
cause either output stage saturation or breakdown, resulting in
nonlinear performance.

Temperature Drift

Temperature drift is specified as the maximum change from the
ambient (+25

C) value to the value at either T

MIN

or T

MAX

. For

offset and gain drift, the drift is reported in ppm of full-scale
range (FSR) per degree C. For reference drift, the drift is re-
ported in ppm per degree C.

Power Supply Rejection

The maximum change in the full-scale output as the supplies
are varied from nominal to minimum and maximum specified
voltages.

Settling Time

The time required for the output to reach and remain within a
specified error band about its final value, measured from the
start of the output transition.

Glitch Impulse

Asymmetrical switching times in a DAC give rise to undesired
output transients that are quantified by a glitch impulse. It is
specified the net area of the glitch in pV-s.

Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

The difference, in dB, between the rms amplitude of the output
signal and the peak spurious signal over the specified bandwidth.

Total Harmonic Distortion

THD is the ratio of the rms sum of the first six harmonic com-
ponents to the rms value of the measured input signal. It is
expressed as a percentage or in decibels (dB).

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

S/N is the ratio of the rms value of the measured output signal
to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the
Nyquist frequency, excluding the first six harmonics and dc.
The value for SNR is expressed in decibels.

Passband

Frequency band in which any input applied therein passes
unattenuated to the DAC output.

Stopband Rejection

The amount of attenuation of a frequency outside the passband
applied to the DAC, relative to a full-scale signal applied at the
DAC input within the passband.

Group Delay

Number of input clocks between an impulse applied at the
device input and peak DAC output current.

Impulse Response

Response of the device to an impulse applied to the input.

VCO

IN/EXT

PLL

DIVIDE

PLLCOM

REFLO

PLL CLOCK
MULTIPLIER

REFIO

CLK
IN/OUT

SNOOZE

IOUTA

FSADJ

AD9774

SLEEP

DCOM DVDD ICOMP ACOM AVDD

+1.2V REFERENCE

AND CONTROL AMP

PLL

ENABLE

PLLLOCK

CLK4 IN

PLLVDD

LPF

IOUTB

EDGE

TRIGGERED

LATCHES

14-BIT DAC

DIGITAL

DATA

TEKTRONIX AWG-2021

50
20pF

0.1 F

100

MINI-CIRCUITS

T1-1T

TO HP3589A

SPECTRUM / NETWORK

ANALYZER

50 INPUT

0.01 F

1.5k

+3V

0.1 F

+5V

1.91k

0.1 F

REFCOMP

OPTION 4

Figure 3. Basic AC Characterization Test Setup

10dB DIV

60

90

128.0

25.6

51.2

76.8

102.4

50

70

80

30

40

10

20

"INBAND"

MHz

Figure 4. Single Tone Spectral Plot
@ 32 MSPS w/f

OUT

= 12.8 MHz (DC to

CLKIN)

10dB DIV

60

90

64.0

12.8

25.6

38.4

51.2

70

80

50

30

40

10

20

"INBAND"

MHz

Figure 7. Single Tone Spectral Plot
@ 16 MSPS w/f

OUT

= 6.4 MHz (DC to

CLKIN)

10dB DIV

60

90

32.0

6.4

12.8

19.2

25.6

50

70

80

30

40

10

20

MHz

Figure 10. Single Tone Spectral Plot
f

OUT

@ 8 MSPS w/f

OUT

= 3.2 MHz (DC

to 4

CLKIN)

AD9774

REV. B

Typical AC Characterization Curves

(AVDD = +5 V, PLLVDD = +3 V, DVDD = +3 V, I

OUTFS

= 20 mA, 50 Doubly Terminated Load, Differential Output, T

= +25 C, unless otherwise

noted. Note: PLLVDD = +5 V and DVDD = +5 V for Figures 4, 5 and 6.)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0dBFS

6dBFS

18dBFS

12dBFS

Figure 5. "Inband" SFDR vs. f

OUT

@ 32 MSPS (DC to CLKIN/2)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 8. "Inband" SFDR vs. f

OUT

@ 16 MSPS (DC to CLKIN/2)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0.5

3.5

1.5

2.5

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 11. "Inband" SFDR vs. f

OUT

@ 8 MSPS (DC to CLKIN/2)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 6. "Out-of-Band" SFDR vs. f

OUT

@ 32 MSPS (CLKIN/2 to 3 1/2 CLKIN)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 9. "Out-of-Band" SFDR vs.
f

OUT

@ 16 MSPS (CLKIN/2 to 3 1/2

CLKIN)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0.5

3.5

1.5

2.5

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 12. "Out-of-Band" SFDR vs.
f

OUT

@ 8 MSPS (CLKIN/2 to 3 1/2

CLKIN)

AD9774

REV. B

10dB DIV

90

1.0

8.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

30

40

60

80

10

20

50

70

MHz

Figure 13. Single Tone Spectral Plot
@ 2 MSPS w/f

OUT

= 800 kHz (DC to

CLKIN)

 dBFS

SFDR dBc

18 16

14 12 10

1.45MHz @ 16MSPS

363kHz @ 4MSPS

727kHz @ 8MSPS

2.9MHz @ 32MSPS

Figure 16. "In-Band" Single Tone
SFDR vs. A

@ f

OUT

= f

CLOCK

(DC to CLKIN/2)

OUT

 dBFS

SFDR dBc

18 16

14 12 10

5.6/6.4MHz @ 16MSPS

1.4/1.6MHz @ 4MSPS

2.8/3.2MHz @ 8MSPS

11.2/12.8MHz @ 32MSPS

Figure 19. "In-Band" Two Tone
SFDR vs. A

OUT

@ f

OUT

= f

CLOCK

/2.7

(DC to CLKIN/2)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0.1

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 14. "Inband" SFDR vs. f

OUT

@ 2 MSPS (DC to CLKIN/2)

 dBFS

SFDR dBc

18 16

14 12 10

1.45MHz @ 16MSPS

363kHz @ 4MSPS

727kHz @ 8MSPS

2.9MHz @ 32MSPS

Figure 17. Out-of-Band Single Tone
SFDR vs. A

@ f

OUT

= f

CLOCK

(DC to 3 1/2 CLKIN)

OUT

 dBFS

SFDR dBc

18 16

14 12 10

5.6/6.4MHz @ 16MSPS

1.4/1.6MHz @ 4MSPS

2.8/3.2MHz @ 8MSPS

11.2/12.8MHz @ 32MSPS

Figure 20. "Out-of-Band" Two Tone
SFDR vs. A

OUT

@ f

OUT

= f

CLOCK

/2.7

(DC to 3 1/2 CLKIN)

OUT

 MHz

SFDR dBc

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0dBFS

6dBFS

12dBFS

18dBFS

Figure 15. "Out-of-Band" SFDR
vs. f

OUT

@ 2 MSPS (CLKIN/2 to

3 1/2 CLKIN)

CLK

 MSPS

SNR dB

DVDD = 3.3V

DVDD = 5.0V

Figure 18. SNR vs. f

CLKIN

@ f

OUT

2 MHz (DC to CLKIN/2)

10dB DIV

10

80

110

128.0

25.6

51.2

76.8

102.4

20

70

90

100

50

60

30

40

Figure 21. Multitone Spectral Plot
@ 32 MSPS (DC to 4

CLKIN)

AD9774

REV. B

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

Figure 22 shows a simplified block diagram of the AD9774. The
AD9774 is a complete, 4

oversampling, 14-bit DAC that in-

cludes two cascaded 2

interpolation filters, a phase-locked loop

(PLL) clock multiplier, and a 1.20 Volt bandgap voltage refer-
ence. The 14-bit DAC provides two complementary current
outputs whose full-scale current is determined by an external
resistor. Input data that is latched into the edge-triggered input
latches is first interpolated by a factor of four by the interpolation
filters before updating the 14-bit DAC. A PLL clock multiplier
produces the necessary internally synchronized 1

, 2

and 4

clocks from an external reference. The AD9774 can support
input data rates as high as 32 MSPS, corresponding to a DAC
update rate of 128 MSPS.

The analog and digital sections of the AD9774 have separate
power supply inputs (i.e., AVDD and DVDD) that can operate
over a 2.7 V to 5.5 V range. A separate supply input (i.e.,
PLLVDD) having a similar operating range is also provided for
the PLL clock multiplier. To maintain optimum noise and dis-
tortion performance, PLLVDD should be maintained at the
same voltage level as DVDD.

VCO

IN/EXT

PLL

DIVIDE

PLLCOM

PLL CLOCK
MULTIPLIER

REFIO

SNOOZE

IOUTA

FSADJ

AD9774

SLEEP

DCOM DVDD ICOMP ACOM AVDD

+1.2V REFERENCE

AND CONTROL AMP

PLL

ENABLE

PLLLOCK

CLK4 IN

PLLVDD

LPF

IOUTB

EDGE

TRIGGERED

LATCHES

14-BIT

DAC

DATA

INPUTS

(DB13DB0)

CLK IN/OUT

REFCOMP REFLO

Figure 22. Functional Block Diagram

Preceding the 14-bit DAC are two cascaded

2×

digital interpola-

tion filter stages based on a 55- and 23-tap halfband symmetric
FIR topology. Edge triggered latches are used to latch the input
data on the rising edge of CLK IN/OUT. The composite fre-
quency and impulse response of both filters are shown in Fig-
ures 2a and 2b. Table I and Table II list the idealized filter

coefficients for each of the filter stages. The interpolation filters
essentially multiply the input data rate to the DAC by a factor of
four relative to its original input data rate while simultaneously
reducing the magnitude of the images associated with the origi-
nal input data rate.

The benefits of an interpolation filter are clearly seen in Figure
23, which shows an example of the frequency and time domain
representation of a discrete time sine wave signal before and
after it is applied to a digital interpolation filter. Images of the
sine wave signal appear around multiples of the DAC's input
data rate as predicted by sampling theory. These undesirable
images will also appear at the output of a reconstruction DAC,
although modified by the DAC's sin(x)/(x) roll-off response.

In many bandlimited applications, these images must be sup-
pressed by an analog filter following the DAC. The complexity
of this analog filter is typically determined by the proximity of
the desired fundamental to the first image and the required
amount of image suppression. Adding to the complexity of this
analog filter may be the requirement of compensating for the
DAC's sin(x)/x response.

Referring to Figure 23, the "new" first image associated with the
DAC's higher data rate after interpolation is "pushed" out fur-
ther relative to the input signal. The "old" first image associated
with the lower DAC data rate before interpolation is suppressed
by the digital filter. As a result, the transition band for the ana-
log reconstruction filter is increased, thus reducing the complex-
ity of the analog filter. Furthermore, the sin(x)/x roll-off over the
effective passband (i.e., dc to f

CLOCK

/2) is significantly reduced.

The AD9774 includes a PLL clock multiplier that produces the
necessary internally synchronized 1

, 2

and 4

clocks for the

edge triggered latches, interpolation filters and DACs. The
PLL clock multiplier typically accepts an input data clock,
CLK IN/OUT, as its reference source. Alternatively, it can also
be configured using an external 4

clock via CLK4

IN. The

PLLDIVIDE, VCO IN/EXT, PLLENABLE, and PLLLOCK
are control inputs/outputs used in the PLL clock generator.
Refer to the PLL CLOCK MULTIPLIER OPERATION sec-
tion for a detailed discussion on its operation.

The digital section of the AD9774 also includes several other
control inputs and outputs. The SLEEP and SNOOZE inputs
provide different power-saving modes as discussed in the
SLEEP and SNOOZE section.

FUNDAMENTAL

CLOCK

FREQUENCY DOMAIN

CLOCK

DACs

"SINX"

CLOCK

FUNDAMENTAL

DIGITAL

FILTER

SUPPRESSED

"OLD"

IMAGE

"NEW"
1ST IMAGE

CLOCK

TIME DOMAIN

4x INTERPOLATION FILTER

INPUT DATA LATCH

DAC

4 f

CLOCK

IMAGE

Figure 23. Time and Frequency Domain Example of Digital Interpolation Filter

AD9774

REV. B

PLL CLOCK MULTIPLIER OPERATION

The Phase Lock Loop (PLL) Clock Multiplier is intrinsic to the
operation of the AD9774 in that it produces the necessary inter-
nally synchronized 1

, 2

and 4

clocks for the edge triggered

latches, interpolation filters and DACs. Figure 24 shows a func-
tional block diagram of the PLL Clock Multiplier, which con-
sists of a phase detector, a charge pump, a voltage controlled
oscillator (VCO), a divide-by-N circuit and some control inputs/
outputs. It produces the required internal clocks for the AD9774
by using one of two possible externally applied reference clock
sources applied to either CLKIN or CLK4

IN. PLLENABLE

and VCO IN/EXT are active HIGH control inputs used to
enable the charge pump and VCO respectively.

To maintain optimum noise and distortion performance,
PLLVDD and DVDD should be set to similar voltage levels. If
a separate supply cannot be provided for PLLVDD, PLLVDD
can be tied to DVDD using an LC filter network similar to that
shown in Figure 41.

Many applications will select a reference clock operating at the
data input rate as shown in Figure 24. In this case, the external
clock source is applied to CLKIN and the PLL Clock Multiplier
is fully enabled by tying PLLENABLE and VCO IN/EXT to
PLLVDD. Note, CLKIN must adhere to the timing require-
ments shown in Figure 1. A 1.5 k

resistor and 0.01

F ceramic

capacitor connected in series from LPF to PLLVDD are re-
quired to optimize the phase noise vs. settling/acquisition time
characteristics of the PLL. PLLLOCK is a control output, ac-
tive HIGH, which may be monitored upon system power-up to
indicate that the PLL is successfully "locked" to CLKIN. Note,
applications employing multiple AD9774 devices will benefit
from the PLL Clock Multiplier's ability to ensure precise simul-
taneous updating/phase synchronization of these devices when
driven by the same input clock source.

PLLDIVIDE is used to preset the "lock-in" range of the PLL. It
should be tied to PLLCOM if CLKIN is greater than 10 MHz
and to PLLVDD if CLKIN is between 5.5 MHz and 10 MHz.
For operation below 5.5 MHz (i.e., input data rates less than
5.5 MSPS), the internal charge pump and VCO should be
disabled by tying PLLENABLE and VCO IN/EXT LOW. In
this case, the user MUST supply a system clock operating at 4

the input data rate as discussed below.

CONNECT TO

PLLCOM

CONNECT TO

PLLVDD

PLL
DIVIDE

CLK

IN/OUT

PLLLOCK

PLL
ENABLE

LPF

1.5k

0.01 F

+2.7 TO

+5.5 V

+2.7 TO +5.5 V

PLL

VDD

PLL
COM

VCO

VCO
IN/EXT

DVDD

CLK

4 IN

DCOM

DIVIDE-

BY-N

2
1

VCO

CHARGE

PUMP

PHASE

DETECTOR

AD9774

Figure 24. Clock Multiplier with PLL Enabled

There are two cases in which a user may consider or be required
to disable the internal PLL Clock Multiplier and supply the
AD9774 with an external 4

system clock. Applications already

containing a system clock operating at four (i.e., 4

) the input

data rate may consider using it as the master clock source. Ap-
plications with input data rates less than 5.5 MSPS

must use a

master 4

clock.

In any of these cases, the clock source is applied to CLK4

and the PLL is partially disabled by typing PLLENABLE and
VCO IN/EXT to PLLCOM as shown in Figure 25. LPF may
remain open since this portion of the PLL circuitry is disabled.
The divide-by-N circuit still remains enabled providing a 1

internal clock at CLOCK IN/OUT depending on the state of

PLLDIVIDE. Since the digital input data is latched into the
AD9774 on the rising edge of the 1

clock, PLLDIVIDE should

be tied to PLLCOM such that the 1

clock appears as an output

at CLOCK IN/OUT. The input data should be stable 5 ns (i.e.,
data set-up) before the rising edge of the 1

clock appearing at

CLOCK IN/OUT and remain stable for 1 ns after the rising
edge (i.e., data hold) to ensure proper latching. Note, the rising
edge of the 1

clock occurs approximately 9 ns to 15 ns relative

to the falling edge of the CLK4

input. If a data timing issue

exists between the AD9774 and its external driver device, the
CLK4

input can be inverted via an external gate to ensure

proper set-up and hold time.

PLL
DIVIDE

PLLLOCK

PLL
ENABLE

LPF

+2.7 TO +5.5 V

PLL

VDD

PLL
COM

VCO

VCO
IN/EXT

DVDD

CLK

4 IN

DCOM

DIVIDE-

BY-N

2
1

VCO

CHARGE

PUMP

PHASE

DETECTOR

AD9774

CLK

IN/OUT

+2.7 TO +5.5 V

Figure 25. Clock Divider with PLL Disabled

DAC OPERATION

The 14-bit DAC along with the 1.2 V reference and reference
control amplifier is shown in Figure 26. The DAC consists of a
large PMOS current source array capable of providing up to
20 mA of full-scale current, I

OUTFS

. The array is divided into 31

equal currents which make up the five most significant bits
(MSBs). The next four bits or middle bits consist of 15 equal
current sources whose values are 1/16th of an MSB current
source. The remaining LSBs are binary weighted fractions of the
middle-bits current sources. All of these current sources are
switched to one or the other of two output nodes (i.e., IOUTA
or IOUTB) via PMOS differential current switches. Implement-
ing the middle and lower bits with current sources, instead of an
R-2R ladder, enhances its dynamic performance for multitone
or low amplitude signals and helps maintain the DAC's high
output impedance (i.e., > 100 k

AD9774

REV. B

+2.7 TO +5.5V

1.20V REF

REFLO

AVDD

ACOM

ICOMP

0.1 F

LSB

SWITCHES

SEGMENTED

SWITCHES

1.91k

IOUTA

IOUTB

CURRENT

SOURCE

ARRAY

REFIO

FS ADJ

0.1 F

50pF

AD9774

REFCOMP

0.1 F

Figure 26. Block Diagram of Internal DAC, 1.2 V Reference,
and Reference Control Circuits

The full-scale output current is regulated by the reference con-
trol amplifier and can be set from 2 mA to 20 mA via an exter-
nal resistor, R

SET

. The external resistor, in combination with

both the reference control amplifier and voltage reference,
REFIO, sets the reference current, I

REF

, which is mirrored over

to the segmented current sources with the proper scaling factor.
The full-scale current, I

OUTFS

, is exactly thirty-two times the

value of I

REF

DAC TRANSFER FUNCTION

The AD9774 provides complementary current outputs, IOUTA
and IOUTB. IOUTA will provide a near full-scale current out-
put, I

OUTFS

, when all bits are high (i.e., DAC CODE = 16383)

while IOUTB, the complementary output, provides no current.
The current output appearing at IOUTA and IOUTB is a func-
tion of both the input code and I

OUTFS

and can be expressed as:

IOUTA = (DAC CODE/16384)

OUTFS

(1)

IOUTB = (16383 DAC CODE)/16384

OUTFS

(2)

where DAC CODE = 0 to 16383 (i.e., Decimal Representation).

As previously mentioned, I

OUTFS

is a function of the reference

current I

REF

, which is nominally set by a reference voltage

REFIO

and external resistor R

SET

. It can be expressed as:

OUTFS

= 32

REF

(3)

where I

REF

= V

REFIO

SET

(4)

The two current outputs will typically drive a resistive load
directly or via a transformer. If dc coupling is required, IOUTA
and IOUTB should be directly connected to matching resistive
loads, R

LOAD

, that are tied to analog common, ACOM. Note

that R

LOAD

may represent the equivalent load resistance seen by

IOUTA or IOUTB as would be the case in a doubly terminated
50

or 75

cable. The single-ended voltage output appearing

at the IOUTA and IOUTB nodes is simply:

OUTA

= IOUTA

LOAD

(5)

OUTB

= IOUTB

LOAD

(6)

Note that the full-scale value of V

OUTA

and V

OUTB

should not

exceed the specified output compliance range to maintain speci-
fied distortion and linearity performance.

The differential voltage, V

DIFF

, appearing across IOUTA and

IOUTB is:

DIFF

= (IOUTA IOUTB)

LOAD

(7)

Substituting the values of IOUTA, IOUTB and I

REF

; V

DIFF

can

be expressed as:

DIFF

= {(2 DAC CODE 16383)/16384}

DIFF

= {

(32 R

LOAD

SET

)

REFIO

(8)

These last two equations highlight some of the advantages of
operating the AD9774 differentially. First, the differential
operation will help cancel common-mode error sources associ-
ated with IOUTA and IOUTB such as noise, distortion and dc
offsets. Second, the differential code-dependent current and
subsequent voltage, V

DIFF

, is twice the value of the single-ended

voltage output (i.e., V

OUTA

or V

OUTB

), thus providing twice the

signal power to the load.

Note that the gain drift temperature performance for a single-
ended (VOUTA and VOUTB) or differential output (V

DIFF

) of

the AD9774 can be enhanced by selecting temperature tracking
resistors for R

LOAD

and R

SET

due to their ratiometric relation-

ship as shown in Equation 8.

REFERENCE OPERATION

The AD9774 contains an internal 1.20 V bandgap reference
that can be easily disabled and overridden by an external
reference. REFIO serves as either an input or output, depending
on whether the internal or external reference is selected. If
REFLO is tied to ACOM, as shown in Figure 27, the internal
reference is activated, and REFIO provides a 1.20 V output. In
this case, the internal reference must be compensated externally
with a ceramic chip capacitor of 0.1

F or greater from REFIO

to REFLO. If any additional loading is required, REFIO should
be buffered with an external amplifier having an input bias cur-
rent less than 100 nA.

50pF

+1.2V REF

AVDD

REFLO

CURRENT

SOURCE

ARRAY

+2.7 TO +5.5V

REFIO

FSADJ

0.1 F

AD9774

ADDITIONAL

LOAD

OPTIONAL

EXTERNAL

REF BUFFER

0.1 F

REFCOMP

Figure 27. Internal Reference Configuration

The internal reference can be disabled by connecting REFLO to
AVDD. In this case, an external reference may then be applied
to REFIO as shown in Figure 28. The external reference may
provide either a fixed reference voltage to enhance accuracy and
drift performance or a varying reference voltage for gain control.
Note that the 0.1

F compensation capacitor is not required

since the internal reference is disabled, and the high input im-
pedance (i.e., 1 M

) of REFIO minimizes any loading of the

external reference.

AD9774

REV. B

50pF

+1.2V REF

AVDD

REFLO

CURRENT

SOURCE

ARRAY

+2.7 TO +5.5V

REFIO

FS ADJ

SET

AD9774

EXTERNAL

REF

REFIO

SET

AVDD

REFERENCE
CONTROL
AMPLIFIER

REFIO

0.1 F

REFCOMP

Figure 28. External Reference Configuration

REFERENCE CONTROL AMPLIFIER

The AD9774 also contains an internal control amplifier that is
used to regulate the DAC's full-scale output current, I

OUTFS

The control amplifier is configured as a V-I converter, as shown
in Figure 28, such that its current output, I

REF

, is determined by

the ratio of the V

REFIO

and an external resistor, R

SET

, as stated

in Equation 4. I

REF

is copied over to the segmented current

sources with the proper scaling factor to set I

OUTFS

as stated in

Equation 3.

The control amplifier allows a wide (10:1) adjustment span of
I

OUTFS

over a 2 mA to 20 mA range by setting I

REF

between

62.5

A and 625

A. The wide adjustment span of I

OUTFS

provides several application benefits. The first benefit relates
directly to the power dissipation of the AD9774, which is pro-
portional to I

OUTFS

(refer to the Power Dissipation section). The

second benefit relates to the 20 dB adjustment, which is useful
for system gain control purposes.

There are two methods by which I

REF

can be varied for a fixed

SET

. The first method is suitable for a single-supply system in

which the internal reference is disabled, and the common-mode
voltage of REFIO is varied over its compliance range of 1.25 V
to 0.10 V. REFIO can be driven by a single-supply amplifier or
DAC, thus allowing I

REF

to be varied for a fixed R

SET

. Since the

input impedance of REFIO is approximately 1 M

, a simple,

low cost R-2R ladder DAC configured in the voltage mode
topology may be used to control the gain. This circuit is shown
in Figure 30 using the AD7524 and an external 1.2 V reference,
the AD1580.

The second method may be used in a dual-supply system in
which the common-mode voltage of REFIO is fixed, and I

REF

varied by an external voltage, V

, applied to R

SET

via an ampli-

fier. An example of this method is shown in Figure 29 in which
the internal reference is used to set the common-mode voltage
of the control amplifier to 1.20 V. The external voltage, V

, is

referenced to ACOM and should not exceed 1.2 V. The value of
R

SET

is such that I

REFMAX

and I

REFMIN

do not exceed 62.5

and 625

A, respectively. The associated equations in Figure 29

can be used to determine the value of R

SET

50pF

+1.2V REF

AVDD

REFLO

CURRENT

SOURCE

ARRAY

+2.7 TO +5.5V

REFIO

FSADJ

SET

AD9774

REF

1 F

REF

= (1.2V

)/R

SET

WITH V

REFIO

AND 62.5 A

REF

625A

0.1 F

REFCOMP

Figure 29. Dual Supply Gain Control Circuit

ANALOG OUTPUTS

The AD9774 produces two complementary current outputs,
IOUTA and IOUTB, which may be configured for single-end or
differential operation. IOUTA and IOUTB can be converted
into complementary single-ended voltage outputs, V

OUTA

and

OUTB

, via a load resistor, R

LOAD

, as described in the DAC

Transfer Function section by Equations 5 through 8. The
differential voltage, V

DIFF

, existing between V

OUTA

and V

OUTB

can also be converted to a single-ended voltage via a transformer
or differential amplifier configuration.

Figure 31 shows the equivalent analog output circuit of the
AD9774 consisting of a parallel combination of PMOS differen-
tial current switches associated with each segmented current
source. The output impedance of IOUTA and IOUTB is deter-
mined by the equivalent parallel combination of the PMOS
switches and is typically 100 k

in parallel with 5 pF. Due to

the nature of a PMOS device, the output impedance is also
slightly dependent on the output voltage (i.e., V

OUTA

and V

OUTB

)

and, to a lesser extent, the analog supply voltage, AVDD, and
full-scale current, I

OUTFS

. Although the output impedance's

signal dependency can be a source of dc nonlinearity and ac linear-
ity (i.e., distortion), its effects can be limited if certain precau-
tions are noted.

1.2V

50pF

+1.2V REF

AVDD

REFLO

CURRENT

SOURCE

ARRAY

+2.7 TO +5.5V

REFIO

FSADJ

SET

AD9774

REF

SET

AVDD

REF

OUT1

OUT2

AGND

DB7DB0

AD7524

AD1580

0.1V TO 1.2V

0.1 F

REFCOMP

Figure 30. Single Supply Gain Control Circuit

AD9774

REV. B

AD9774

AVDD

IOUTA

IOUTB

LOAD

Figure 31. Equivalent Analog Output Circuit

IOUTA and IOUTB also have a negative and positive voltage
compliance range. The negative output compliance range of
1.0 V is set by the breakdown limits of the CMOS process.
Operation beyond this maximum limit may result in a break-
down of the output stage and affect the reliability of the AD9774.
The positive output compliance range is slightly dependent on
the full-scale output current, I

OUTFS

. It degrades slightly from its

nominal 1.25 V for an I

OUTFS

= 20 mA to 1.00 V for an I

OUTFS

2 mA. Operation beyond the positive compliance range will
induce clipping of the output signal, which severely degrades
the AD9774's linearity and distortion performance.

For applications requiring the optimum dc linearity, IOUTA
and/or IOUTB should be maintained at a virtual ground via an
I-V op amp configuration. Maintaining IOUTA and/or IOUTB
at a virtual ground keeps the output impedance of the AD9774
fixed, significantly reducing its effect on linearity. However, it
does not necessarily lead to the optimum distortion perfor-
mance due to limitations of the I-V op amp. Note that the
INL/DNL specifications for the AD9774 are measured in this
manner using IOUTA. In addition, these dc linearity specifi-
cations remain virtually unaffected over the specified power
supply range of 2.7 V to 5.5 V.

Operating the AD9774 with reduced voltage output swings at
IOUTA and IOUTB in a differential or single-ended output
configuration reduces the signal dependency of its output im-
pedance thus enhancing distortion performance. Although the
voltage compliance range of IOUTA and IOUTB extends from
1.0 V to +1.25 V, optimum distortion performance is achieved
when the maximum full-scale signal at IOUTA and IOUTB
does not exceed approximately 0.5 V. A properly selected trans-
former with a grounded center-tap will allow the AD9774 to
provide the required power and voltage levels to different loads
while maintaining reduced voltage swings at IOUTA and
IOUTB. DC-coupled applications requiring a differential or
single-ended output configuration should size R

LOAD

accord-

ingly. Refer to Applying the AD9774 section for examples of
various output configurations.

The most significant improvement in the AD9774's distortion
and noise performance is realized using a differential output
configuration. The common-mode error sources of both IOUTA
and IOUTB can be substantially reduced by the common-mode
rejection of a transformer or differential amplifier. These
common-mode error sources include even-order distortion
products and noise. The enhancement in distortion performance
becomes more significant as the reconstructed waveform's
frequency content increases and/or its amplitude decreases.

The distortion and noise performance of the AD9774 is also
slightly dependent on the analog and digital supply as well as the
full-scale current setting, I

OUTFS

. Operating the analog supply at

5.0 V ensures maximum headroom for its internal PMOS current
sources and differential switches leading to improved distortion
performance. Although I

OUTFS

can be set between 2 mA and

20 mA, selecting an I

OUTFS

of 20 mA will provide the best dis-

tortion and noise performance. The noise performance of the
AD9774 is affected by the digital supply (DVDD), output fre-
quency, and increases with increasing clock rate. Operating the
AD9774 with low voltage logic levels between 3 V and 3.3 V
will slightly reduce the amount of on-chip digital noise.

In summary, the AD9774 achieves the optimum distortion and
noise performance under the following conditions:

(1) Differential Operation.

(2) Positive voltage swing at IOUTA and IOUTB limited to

+0.5 V.

(3) IOUTFS set to 20 mA.

(4) Analog Supply (AVDD) set at 5.0 V.

(5) Digital Supply (DVDD) and Phase Lock Loop Supply

(PLLVDD) set at 3.0 V to 3.3 V with appropriate logic
levels.

Note that the ac performance of the AD9774 is characterized
under the above-mentioned operating conditions.

DIGITAL INPUTS/OUTPUTS

The digital input of the AD9774 consists of 14 data input pins
and a clock input pin, and several control input pins. Since
some of the internal logic is operated from DVDD and PLLVDD,
they must be set to the same or similar levels to ensure proper
compatibility with any external logic/drivers. The two digital
outputs of the AD9774, PLL LOCK and CLK OUT originate
from the internal PLL circuitry and thus its output logic levels
will be set by PLLVDD.

The 14-bit parallel data inputs follow standard positive binary
coding where DB13 is the most significant bit (MSB), and DB0
is the least significant bit (LSB). IOUTA produces a full-scale
output current when all data bits are at Logic 1. IOUTB pro-
duces a complementary output with the full-scale current split
between the two outputs as a function of the input code.

The digital interface is implemented using an edge-triggered
master slave latch and is designed to support a clock and input
data rate as high as 32 MSPS. The clock can be operated at any
duty cycle that meets the specified latch pulsewidth as shown in
Figure 1. The setup and hold times can also be varied within the
clock cycle as long as the specified minimum times are met.
The digital inputs are CMOS-compatible with logic thresholds,
V

THRESHOLD,

set to approximately half the digital positive supply

(i.e., DVDD or PLLVDD) or

THRESHOLD

= DVDD/2 (

20%)

The internal digital circuitry of the AD9774 is capable of operating
over a digital supply range of 2.7 V to 5.5 V. As a result, the
digital inputs can also accommodate TTL levels when DVDD is
set to accommodate the maximum high level voltage of the TTL
drivers V

OH(MAX)

. A DVDD of 3 V to 3.3 V will typically ensure

proper compatibility with most TTL logic families. Figure 32
shows the equivalent digital input circuit for the data and clock
inputs.

AD9774

REV. B

DVDD

DIGITAL

INPUT

Figure 32. Equivalent Digital Input

Since the AD9774 is capable of being updated up to 32 MSPS,
the quality of the clock and data input signals are important in
achieving the optimum performance. Operating the AD9774
with reduced logic swings and a corresponding digital supply
(DVDD) will result in the lowest data feedthrough and on-chip
digital noise. The drivers of the digital data interface circuitry
should be specified to meet the minimum setup and hold times
of the AD9774 as well as its required min/max input logic level
thresholds.

Digital signal paths should be kept short and run lengths matched
to avoid propagation delay mismatch. The insertion of a low
value resistor network (i.e., 20

to 100

) between the AD9774

digital inputs and driver outputs may be helpful in reducing any
overshooting and ringing at the digital inputs that contribute to
data feedthrough.

The external clock driver circuitry should provide the AD9774
with a low jitter clock input meeting the min/max logic levels
while providing fast edges. Fast clock edges will help minimize
any jitter that will manifest itself as phase noise on a recon-
structed waveform. Thus, the clock input should be driven by
the fastest logic family suitable for the application.

SLEEP AND SNOOZE MODE OPERATION

The AD9774 has a SLEEP function that turns off the output
current and reduces the supply current to less than 5 mA over
the specified supply range of 2.7 V to 5.5 V and temperature
range. This mode can be activated by applying a logic level "1"
to the SLEEP pin. The AD9774 takes less than 0.1

s to power

down and approximately 6.4

s to power back up.

The SNOOZE mode should be considered as an alternative
power-savings option if the power-up characteristics of the
SLEEP mode are unsuitable. This mode, which is also activated
by applying a logic level "1" to the SNOOZE pin, disables the
AD9774's digital filters only, resulting in significant power
savings. Both the SLEEP and SNOOZE pins should be tied to
DCOM if power savings is not required.

POWER DISSIPATION

The power dissipation, P

, of the AD9774 is dependent on

several factors, including: (1) AVDD, PLLVDD, and DVDD,
the power supply voltages; (2) I

OUTFS

, the full-scale current

output; (3) f

CLOCK

, the update rate; and (4) the reconstructed

digital input waveform. The power dissipation is directly pro-
portional to the analog supply current, I

AVDD

, and the digital

supply current, I

DVDD

. I

AVDD

is directly proportional to I

OUTFS,

as shown in Figure 33, and is insensitive to f

CLOCK

Conversely, I

DVDD

is dependent on both the digital input wave-

form, f

CLOCK

, and digital supply DVDD. Figures 34 and 35

show I

DVDD

as a function of full-scale sine wave output ratios

OUT

CLOCK

) for various update rates with DVDD = 5 V and

DVDD = 3 V, respectively. Note, how I

DVDD

is reduced by more

than a factor of 2 when DVDD is reduced from 5 V to 3 V.

OUTFS

 mA

AVDD

 mA

Figure 33. I

AVDD

vs. I

OUTFS

RATIO 

OUT

CLOCK

200

180

0.01

1.0

0.10

DVDD

 mA 100

140

120

160

32MSPS

16MSPS

8MSPS

4MSPS

Figure 34. I

DVDD

vs. Ratio @ DVDD = 5 V

RATIO 

OUT

CLOCK

100

0.01

1.0

0.10

DVDD

 mA

32MSPS

16MSPS

8MSPS

4MSPS

Figure 35. I

DVDD

vs. Ratio @ DVDD = 3 V

For those applications requiring the AD9774 to operate under the
following conditions: (1) AVDD, PLLVDD and DVDD = +5 V;
(2) f

CLOCK

> 25 MSPS; and (3) ambient temperatures > 70

proper thermal management via a heatsink or thermal epoxy is
recommended.

AD9774

REV. B

APPLYING THE AD9774

OUTPUT CONFIGURATIONS

The following sections illustrate some typical output configura-
tions for the AD9774. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed
that I

OUTFS

is set to a nominal 20 mA. For applications requir-

ing the optimum dynamic performance, a differential output
configuration is suggested. A differential output configuration
may consist of either an RF transformer or a differential op amp
configuration. The transformer configuration provides the opti-
mum high frequency performance and is recommended for any
application allowing for ac coupling. The differential op amp
configuration is suitable for applications requiring dc coupling, a
bipolar output, signal gain and/or level shifting.

A single-ended output is suitable for applications requiring a
unipolar voltage output. A positive unipolar output voltage will
result if IOUTA and/or IOUTB is connected to an approximately
sized load resistor, R

LOAD

, referred to ACOM. This configura-

tion may be more suitable for a single-supply system requiring a
dc-coupled, ground referred output voltage. Alternatively, an
amplifier could be configured as an I-V converter, thus convert-
ing IOUTA or IOUTB into a negative unipolar voltage. This
configuration provides the best dc linearity since IOUTA or
IOUTB is maintained at a virtual ground.

DIFFERENTIAL COUPLING USING A TRANSFORMER

An RF transformer can be used to perform a differential-to-
single-ended signal conversion as shown in Figure 36. A
differentially coupled transformer output provides the optimum
distortion performance for output signals whose spectral content
lies within the transformer's passband. An RF transformer such
as the Mini-Circuits T1-1T provides excellent rejection of
common-mode distortion (i.e., even-order harmonics) and noise
over a wide frequency range. It also provides electrical isolation
and the ability to deliver twice the power to the load. Trans-
formers with different impedance ratios may also be used for
impedance matching purposes. Note that the transformer
provides ac coupling only.

LOAD

AD9774

MINI-CIRCUITS

T1-1T

OPTIONAL R

DIFF

IOUTA

IOUTB

Figure 36. Differential Output Using a Transformer

The center tap on the primary side of the transformer must be
connected to ACOM to provide the necessary dc current path
for both IOUTA and IOUTB. The complementary voltages
appearing at IOUTA and IOUTB (i.e., V

OUTA

and V

OUTB

)

swing symmetrically around ACOM and should be maintained
with the specified output compliance range of the AD9774. A
differential resistor, R

DIFF

, may be inserted in applications in

which the output of the transformer is connected to the load,
R

LOAD

, via a passive reconstruction filter or cable. R

DIFF

is deter-

mined by the transformer's impedance ratio and provides the
proper source termination that results in a low VSWR. Note that
approximately half the signal power will be dissipated across R

DIFF

DIFFERENTIAL USING AN OP AMP

An op amp can also be used to perform a differential-to-single-
ended conversion as shown in Figure 37. The AD9774 is
configured with two equal load resistors, R

LOAD

, of 25

. The

differential voltage developed across IOUTA and IOUTB is
converted to a single-ended signal via the differential op amp
configuration. An optional capacitor can be installed across
IOUTA and IOUTB, forming a real pole in a low-pass filter.
The addition of this capacitor also enhances the op amp's distor-
tion performance by preventing the DAC's high slewing output
from overloading the op amp's input.

AD9774

IOUTA

IOUTB

OPT

500

225

500

AD8055

Figure 37. DC Differential Coupling Using an Op Amp

The common-mode rejection of this configuration is typically
determined by the resistor matching. In this circuit, the differ-
ential op amp circuit using the AD8055 is configured to provide
some additional signal gain. The op amp must operate from a
dual supply since its output is approximately

1.0 V. A high

speed amplifier capable of preserving the differential perform-
ance of the AD9774 while meeting other system level objectives
(i.e., cost, power) should be selected. The op amps differential
gain, its gain setting resistor values and full-scale output swing
capabilities should all be considered when optimizing this circuit.

The differential circuit shown in Figure 38 provides the neces-
sary level-shifting required in a single supply system. In this case,
AVDD, which is the positive analog supply for both the AD9774
and the op amp, is also used to level-shift the differential output
of the AD9774 to midsupply (i.e., AVDD/2). The AD8041 is a
suitable op amp for this application.

AD9774

IOUTA

IOUTB

OPT

500

225

AD8041

AVDD

Figure 38. Single-Supply DC Differential Coupled Circuit

SINGLE-ENDED UNBUFFERED VOLTAGE OUTPUT

Figure 39 shows the AD9774 configured to provide a unipolar
output range of approximately 0 V to +0.5 V for a doubly termi-
nated 50

cable since the nominal full-scale current, I

OUTFS

, of

20 mA flows through the equivalent R

LOAD

of 25

. In this case,

LOAD

represents the equivalent load resistance seen by IOUTA.

The unused output (IOUTB) can be connected to ACOM di-
rectly. Different values of I

OUTFS

and R

LOAD

can be selected as

AD9774

REV. B

long as the positive compliance range is adhered to. One addi-
tional consideration in this mode is the integral nonlinearity
(INL) as discussed in the Analog Output section of this data
sheet. For optimum INL performance, the single-ended, buff-
ered voltage output configuration is suggested.

AD9774

IOUTA

IOUTB

OUTA

= 0 TO +0.5V

OUTFS

= 20mA

Figure 39. 0 V to +0.5 V Unbuffered Voltage Output

SINGLE-ENDED BUFFERED VOLTAGE OUTPUT
CONFIGURATION

Figure 40 shows a buffered single-ended output configuration in
which the op amp U1 performs an I-V conversion on the AD9774
output current. U1 maintains IOUTA (or IOUTB) at a virtual
ground, thus minimizing the nonlinear output impedance effect
on the DAC's INL performance as discussed in the Analog
Output section. Although this single-ended configuration typi-
cally provides the best dc linearity performance, its ac distortion
performance at higher DAC update rates may be limited by
U1's slewing capabilities. U1 provides a negative unipolar output
voltage and its full-scale output voltage is simply the product of
R

and I

OUTFS

. The full-scale output should be set within U1's

voltage output swing capabilities by scaling I

OUTFS

and/or R

An improvement in ac distortion performance may result with a
reduced I

OUTFS

since the signal current U1 will be required to

sink will be subsequently reduced.

AD9774

IOUTA

IOUTB

OPT

200

OUT

= I

OUTFS

= 10mA

200

Figure 40. Unipolar Buffered Voltage Output

POWER AND GROUNDING CONSIDERATIONS

In systems seeking to simultaneously achieve high speed and
high performance, the implementation and construction of the
printed circuit board design is often as important as the circuit
design. Proper RF techniques must be used in device selection,
placement and routing and supply bypassing and grounding.
Figures 4449 illustrate the recommended printed circuit board
ground, power and signal plane layouts that are implemented on
the AD9774 evaluation board.

Proper grounding and decoupling should be a primary objective
in any high speed, high resolution system. The AD9774 features
separate analog and digital supply and ground pins to optimize
the management of analog and digital ground currents in a
system. In general, AVDD, the analog supply, should be decoupled

to ACOM, the analog common, as close to the chip as physi-
cally possible. Similarly, DVDD, the digital supply, should be
decoupled to DCOM and PLLVDD, the Phase Lock Loop
Supply, should be decoupled to PLLCOM.

For those applications requiring a single +5 V or +3 V supply
for both the analog, digital supply and Phase Lock Loop supply,
a clean AVDD and/or PLLVDD may be generated using the
circuit shown in Figure 41. The circuit consists of a differential
LC filter with separate power supply and return lines. Lower
noise can be attained using low ESR type electrolytic and tanta-
lum capacitors.

100 F
ELECT.

10-22 F
TANT.

0.1 F
CER.

+5V OR +3V

POWER SUPPLY

FERRITE

BEADS

AVDD

ACOM

TTL/CMOS

LOGIC

CIRCUITS

Figure 41. Differential LC Filter for Single +5 V or +3 V
Applications

Maintaining low noise on power supplies and ground is critical
to obtain optimum results from the AD9774. If properly
implemented, ground planes can perform a host of functions on
high speed circuit boards: bypassing, shielding current trans-
port, etc. In mixed signal design, the analog and digital portions
of the board should be distinct from each other, with the analog
ground plane confined to the areas covering the analog signal
traces, and the digital ground plane confined to areas covering
the digital interconnects.

All analog ground pins of the DAC, reference and other analog
components should be tied directly to the analog ground plane.
The two ground planes should be connected by a path 1/8 to
1/4 inch wide underneath or within 1/2 inch of the DAC to
maintain optimum performance. Care should be taken to ensure
that the ground plane is uninterrupted over crucial signal paths.
On the digital side, this includes the digital input lines running
to the DAC as well as any clock signals. On the analog side, this
includes the DAC output signal, reference signal and the supply
feeders.

The use of wide runs or planes in the routing of power lines is
also recommended. This serves the dual role of providing a low
series impedance power supply to the part, as well as providing
some "free" capacitive decoupling to the appropriate ground
plane. It is essential that care be taken in the layout of signal and
power ground interconnects to avoid inducing extraneous volt-
age drops in the signal ground paths. It is recommended that all
connections be short, direct and as physically close to the pack-
age as possible in order to minimize the sharing of conduction
paths between different currents. When runs exceed an inch in
length, strip line techniques with proper termination resistors
should be considered. The necessity and value of this resistor
will be dependent upon the logic family used.

For a more detailed discussion of the implementation and con-
struction of high speed, mixed signal printed circuit boards,
refer to Analog Devices' application notes AN-280 and AN-333.

AD9774

REV. B

MULTITONE PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS AND
CHARACTERIZATION

The frequency domain performance of high speed DACs has
traditionally been characterized by analyzing the spectral output
of a reconstructed full-scale (i.e., 0 dBFS), single-tone sine wave
at a particular output frequency and update rate. Although this
characterization data is useful, it is often insufficient to reflect a
DAC's performance for a reconstructed multitone or spread-
spectrum waveform. In fact, evaluating a DAC's spectral
performance using a full-scale, single tone at the highest specified
frequency (i.e., f

) of a bandlimited waveform is typically

indicative of a DAC's "worst-case" performance for that given
waveform. In the time domain, this full-scale sine wave repre-
sents the lowest peak-to-rms ratio or crest factor (i.e., V

PEAK

V rms) that this bandlimited signal will encounter.

10dB DIV

100

60

90

50

70

80

30

40

10

20

Figure 42a. Multitone Spectral Plot

TIME

1.0000

0.8000

1.0000

VOLTS

0.2000

0.4000

0.6000

0.8000

0.2000

0.0000

0.4000

0.6000

Figure 42b. Time Domain "Snapshot" of the Multitone
Waveform

However, the inherent nature of a multitone, spread spectrum,
or QAM waveform, in which the spectral energy of the wave-
form is spread over a designated bandwidth, will result in a
higher peak-to-rms ratio when compared to the case of a simple
sine wave. As the reconstructed waveform's peak-to-average
ratio increases, an increasing amount of the signal energy is
concentrated around the DAC's midscale value. Figure 42a is
just one example of a bandlimited multitone vector (i.e., eight

tones) centered around one-half the Nyquist bandwidth (i.e.,
f

CLOCK

/4). This particular multitone vector, has a peak-to-rms

ratio of 13.5 dB compared to a sine waves peak-to-rms ratio of
3 dB. A "snapshot" of this reconstructed multitone vector in the
time domain as shown in Figure 43b reveals the higher signal
content around the midscale value. As a result, a DAC's "small-
scale" dynamic and static linearity becomes increasingly critical in
obtaining low intermodulation distortion and maintaining
sufficient carrier-to-noise ratios for a given modulation scheme.

A DAC's small-scale linearity performance is also an important
consideration in applications where additive dynamic range is
required for gain control purposes or "predistortion" signal
conditioning. For instance, a DAC with sufficient dynamic
range can be used to provide additional gain control of its
reconstructed signal. In fact, the gain can be controlled in
6 dB increments by simply performing a shift left or right on the
DAC's digital input word. Other applications may intentionally
predistort a DAC's digital input signal to compensate for
nonlinearities associated with the subsequent analog compo-
nents in the signal chain. For example, the signal compression
associated with a power amplifier can be compensated for by
predistorting the DAC's digital input with the inverse nonlinear
transfer function of the power amplifier. In either case, the
DAC's performance at reduced signal levels should be carefully
evaluated.

A full-scale single tone will induce all of the dynamic and static
nonlinearities present in a DAC that contribute to its distortion
and hence SFDR performance. As the frequency of this recon-
structed full-scale, single-tone waveform increases, the dynamic
nonlinearities of any DAC (i.e., AD9774) tend to dominate thus
contributing to the roll-off in its SFDR performance. However,
unlike most DACs, which employ an R-2R ladder for the lower
bit current segmentation, the AD9774 (as well as other TxDAC
members) exhibits an improvement in distortion performance as
the amplitude of a single tone is reduced from its full-scale level.
This improvement in distortion performance at reduced signal
levels is evident if one compares the SFDR performance vs.
frequency at different amplitudes (i.e., 0 dBFS, 6 dBFS and
12 dBFS) and sample rates as shown in Figures 4 through 15.
Maintaining decent "small-scale" linearity across the full span of
a DAC transfer function is also critical in maintaining excellent
multitone performance.

Although characterizing a DAC's multitone performance tends
to be application-specific, much insight into the potential per-
formance of a DAC can also be gained by evaluating the DAC's
swept power (i.e., amplitude) performance for single, dual and
multitone test vectors at different clock rates and carrier frequen-
cies. The DAC is evaluated at different clock rates when recon-
structing a specific waveform whose amplitude is decreased in
3 dB increments from full-scale (i.e., 0 dBFS). For each specific
waveform, a graph showing the SFDR (over Nyquist) perfor-
mance vs. amplitude can be generated at the different tested
clock rates as shown in Figures 19 and 20. Note that the
carrier(s)-to-clock ratio remains constant in each figure.

AD9774

REV. B

A multitone test vector may consist of several equal amplitude,
spaced carriers each representative of a channel within a defined
bandwidth as shown in Figure 42a. In many cases, one or more
tones are removed so the intermodulation distortion performance
of the DAC can be evaluated. Nonlinearities associated with the
DAC will create spurious tones of which some may fall back into
the "empty" channel thus limiting a channel's carrier-to-noise
ratio. Other spurious components falling outside the band of
interest may also be important, depending on the system's spectral
mask and filtering requirements.

This particular test vector was centered around one-half the
Nyquist bandwidth (i.e., f

CLOCK

/4) with a passband of f

CLOCK

/16.

Centering the tones at a much lower region (i.e., f

CLOCK

/10)

would lead to an improvement in performance while centering
the tones at a higher region (i.e., f

CLOCK

/2.5) would result in a

degradation in performance. Figure 43a shows the SFDR vs.
amplitude at 32 MSPS up to the Nyquist frequency while Fig-
ure 43b shows the SFDR vs. amplitude within the passband of
the test vector. In assessing a DAC's multitone performance, it
is also recommended that several units be tested under exactly
the same conditions to determine any performance variability.

AD9774 EVALUATION BOARD
General Description

The AD9774-EB is an evaluation board for the AD9774 14-bit
DAC converter. Careful attention to layout and circuit design,
combined with a prototyping area, allows the user to easily and
effectively evaluate the AD9774 in signal reconstruction applica-
tions, where high resolution, high speed conversion is required.

This board allows the user the flexibility to operate the AD9774
in various configurations. The digital inputs are designed to be
driven directly from various word generators with the onboard
option to add a resistor network for proper load termination.
Provisions are also made to operate the AD9774 with either the
internal or external reference or to exercise the SLEEP or
SNOOZE power-savings feature.

OUT

 dBFS

18

16

14

12

10

SFDR dBc

Figure 43a. Multitone SFDR vs. A

OUT

@ 32 MSPS

(Up to Nyquist)

OUT

 dBFS

18

16

14

12

10

SFDR dBc

8MSPS

16MSPS

32MSPS

Figure 43b. Multitone SFDR vs. A

OUT

@ 32 MSPS

(Within Multitone Passband)

AD9774

REV. B

DB13

PLLVDD

AVDD

TOP VIEW

(Not to Scale)

AD9774

FSADJ

REFIO

REFLO

UNUSED

PLLENABLE

PLLCOM

U2,U4

DB12

DB11

DB10

DB9

DB8

NC = NO CONNECT

DB7

DB6

DB5

DB4

PLLVDD

DGND

PLLLOCK

LPF

DVDD

VCO IN/EXT

PLLDIVIDE

DCOM

SNOOZE

DCOM

IOUTA

IOUTB

AVDD

ACOM

DGND

DB3

DB2

DB1

DB0

CLK4

ICOMP

CLK IN/OUT

SLEEP

AGND

PLLGND

DGND

PLLGND

R1
1.91k

C4
20pF

R10

100

TP16

TP17

10 F

AVDD

AGND

DGND

DVDD

10 F

TP14

TP15

0.1 F

C13
0.1 F

C12

0.1 F

IDIFF

0.1 F

C10

0.1 F

0.01 F

1.5k

TP19

PLLVDD

TP18

EDGE_40

TP13

DGND

DVDD

C11

0.1 F

EXT CLK

C9
10 F

C5
20pF

REFCOMP

0.1 F

DCOM

Figure 44. Evaluation Board Schematic

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