Features

Safe charge of Lithium Ion bat-

tery packs

Voltage-regulated current-

limited charging

Fast charge terminated by se-

lectable minimum current; safety
backup termination on maximum
time

Charging continuously qualified

by temperature and voltage lim-
its

Pulse-width modulation control

ideal for high-efficiency switch-
mode power conversion

Direct LED control outputs dis-

play charge status and fault con-
ditions

General Description

T h e b q 2 0 5 4 L i t h i u m I o n Fa s t -
Charge IC is designed to optimize
charging of lithium ion (Li-Ion)
chemistry batteries. A flexible
pulse-width modulation regulator
allows the bq2054 to control voltage
and current during charging. The
regulator frequency is set by an ex-
ternal capacitor for design flexibility.
T h e s w i t ch - m o d e d e s i g n k e e p s
power dissipation to a minimum.

The bq2054 measures battery tem-
perature using an external thermis-
tor for charge qualification. Charging
begins when power is applied or on
battery insertion.

For safety, the bq2054 inhibits
charging until the battery voltage
and temperature are within con-

figured limits. If the battery voltage
is less than the low-voltage thresh-
old, the bq2054 provides low-current
conditioning of the battery.

A constant current-charging phase re-
plenishes up to 70% of the charge ca-
pacity, and a voltage-regulated phase
returns the battery to full. The charge
cycle terminates when the charging
current falls below a user-selectable
current limit. For safety, charging ter-
minates after maximum time and is
suspended if the temperature is out-
side the preconfigured limits.

The bq2054 provides status indica-
tions of all charger states and faults
for accurate determination of the
battery and charge system condi-
tions.

Lithium Ion Fast-Charge IC

bq2054

Time-out programming
input

ICTL

Inrush current control
output

BAT

Battery voltage input

VCOMP

Voltage loop comp input

ICOMP

Current loop comp input

TERM

Minimum current
termination select input

SNS

Sense resistor input

Temperature sense input

PN205401.eps

16-Pin Narrow

DIP or SOIC

LED2/DSEL

LED1

MOD

VCC

VSS

LCOM

LED3

TPWM

ICTL

BAT

VCOMP

ICOMP

ITERM

SNS

TPWM

Regulator timebase input

LED

Charge status output 3

LCOM

Common LED output

System ground

5.0V

±10% power

MOD

Modulation control output

LED

Charge status output 1

LED

Charge status output 2/

DSEL

Display select input

Pin Connections

Pin Names

6/99 H

Pin Descriptions

Time-out programming input

This input sets the maximum charge time.
The resistor and capacitor values are deter-
mined using Equation 5. Figure 7 shows the
resistor/capacitor connection.

ICTL

Inrush current control output

ICTL is driven low during the fault or
charge-complete states of the chip. It is used
to disconnect the capacitor across the battery
pack terminals, preventing inrush currents
from tripping overcurrent protection fea-
tures in the pack when a new battery is in-
serted.

BAT

Battery voltage input

BAT is the battery voltage sense input. This
potential is generally developed using a
high-impedance resistor divider network
connected between the positive and the
negative terminals of the battery. See Fig-
ure 4 and Equation 1.

VCOMP

Voltage loop compensation input

This input uses an external R-C network for
voltage loop stability.

TERM

Minimum current termination select

This three-state input is used to set I

MIN

for

fast charge termination. See Table 2.

ICOMP

Current loop compensation input

This input uses an external R-C network for
current loop stability.

SNS

Charging current sense input

Battery current is sensed via the voltage de-
veloped on this pin by an external sense re-
sistor, R

SNS

, connected in series with the

negative terminal of the battery pack. See
Equation 6.

Temperature sense input

This input is used to monitor battery tempera-
ture. An external resistor divider network sets
the lower and upper temperature thresholds.
See Figure 6 and Equations 3 and 4.

TPWM

Regulation timebase input

This input uses an external timing capacitor
to ground to set the pulse-width modulation
(PWM) frequency. See Equation 7.

LCOM

Common LED output

Common output for LED

. This output is

in a high-impedance state during initiali-
z a t i o n t o r e a d programming input on
DSEL.

MOD

Current-switching control output

MOD is a pulse-width modulated push/pull
output that is used to control the charging
current to the battery. MOD switches high
to enable current flow and low to inhibit cur-
rent flow.

LED

Charger display status 13 outputs

These charger status output drivers are for
the direct drive of the LED display. Display
modes are shown in Table 1. These outputs are
tri-stated during initialization so that DSEL
can be read.

DSEL

Display select input

This three-level input controls the LED

charge display modes. See Table 1.

supply

5.0V,

± 10% power

Ground

bq2054

Charge Algorithm

The bq2054 uses a two-phase fast charge algorithm. In
phase 1, the bq2054 regulates constant current (I

SNS

MAX

) until V

CELL

(= V

BAT

- V

SNS

) rises to V

REG

. The

bq2054 then transitions to phase 2 and regulates con-
stant voltage (V

CELL

= V

REG

) until the charging current

falls below the programmed I

MIN

threshold. The charg-

ing current must remain below I

MIN

for 120

± 40ms bef-

ore a valid fast charge termination is detected.

Fast

charge then terminates, and the bq2054 enters the
Charge Complete state. See Figures 1 and 2.

Charge Qualification

The bq2054 starts a charge cycle when power is applied
while a battery is present or when a battery is inserted.
Figure 2 shows the state diagram for pre-charge qualifi-
cation and temperature monitoring. The bq2054 first
checks that the battery temperature is within the al-
lowed, user-configurable range. If the temperature is out
of range, the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state
and waits until the battery temperature is within the al-
lowed range. Charge Pending is enunciated by LED

flashing.

Thermal monitoring continues throughout the charge
cycle, and the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state
when the temperature out of range. (There is one excep-
tion; if the bq2054 is in the Fault state--see below--the
out-of-range temperature is not recognized until the
bq2054 leaves the Fault state.)

All timers are sus-

pended (but not reset) while the bq2054 is in Charge
Pending. When the temperature comes back into range,
the bq2054 returns to the point in the charge cycle
where the out-of-range temperature was detected.

When the temperature is valid, the bq2054 then regu-
lates current to I

COND

(=I

MAX

/5). After an initial holdoff

period t

(which prevents the chip from reacting to

transient voltage spikes that may occur when charge
current is first applied), the chip begins monitoring
V

CELL

. If V

CELL

does not rise to at least V

MIN

before the

expiration of time-out limit t

MTO

(e.g. the cell has failed

short), the bq2054 enters the Fault state.

If V

MIN

achieved before expiration of the time limit, the chip be-
gins fast charging.

Once in the Fault state, the bq2054 waits until V

cycled or a new battery insertion is detected. It then
starts a new charge cycle and begins the qualification
process again.

bq2054

GR205401.eps

IMAX

IMIN

ICOND

VMIN

VREG

Current

Voltage

Qualification

Time

Phase 1

Phase 2

Fast Charge

Voltage

Current

Figure 1. bq2054 Charge Algorithm

Chip On

VCC 4.5V

Temperature

Checks On

Battery

Status?

Temperature

in Range

Temperature Out

of Range or

Thermistor Absent

Qualification Test

Current

Regulation

@ ICOND

Phase 2

V = VREG

Fault

LED3 =1

MOD = 0

Charge

Complete

Charge

Pending

LED3 flash

MOD = 0

Phase 1

I = IMAX

Temperature Out

of Range or

Thermistor Absent

Temperature In

Range, Return

to Original State

VBAT < VLCO or

VBAT > VHCO

t t > tMTO or

VBAT < VLCO or

VBAT > VHCO

Fail: t = tQT or

VBAT < VLCO

VBAT > VHCO

Present

VLCO < VBAT < VHCO

VBAT < VMIN

PASS: VBAT VMIN

VBAT < VREG

VBAT VREG

Fast

Charge

ISNS > IMIN

ISNS IMIN

t tMTO

FG205401.eps

Absent

VBAT < VLCO or

VBAT > VHCO

VBAT VLCO

VBAT VHCO

VBAT VLCO

VBAT VHCO

Figure 2. bq2054 State Diagram

bq2054

Charge Status Display

Charge status is enunciated by the LED driver outputs
LED

LED

. Three display modes are available in the

bq2054; the user selects a display mode by configuring
pin DSEL. Table 1 shows the three display modes.

The bq2054 does not distinguish between an over-
voltage fault and a "battery absent" condition.

The

bq2054 enters the Fault state, enunciated by turning on
LED

, whenever the battery is absent.

The bq2054,

therefore, gives an indication that the charger is on even
when no battery is in place to be charged.

Configuring the Display Mode and I

MIN

DSEL/LED

is a bi-directional pin with two functions; it

is an LED driver pin as an output and a programming
pin as an input. The selection of pull-up, pull-down, or
no pull resistor programs the display mode on DSEL per
Table 1. The bq2054 latches the programming data
sensed on the DSEL input when any one of the following
three events occurs:

rises to a valid level.

The bq2054 leaves the Fault state.

The bq2054 detects battery insertion.

The LEDs go blank for approximately 750ms (typical)
while new programming data is latched.

bq2054

Mode

Charge Action State

LED

DSEL = 0

(Mode 1)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault

Low

High

Pre-charge qualification

Flash

Low

Fast charging

High

Low

Charge complete

Low

High

Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range)

Flash

Charging fault

High

DSEL = 1

(Mode 2)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault

Low

High

Pre-charge qualification

High

Low

Fast charge

Low

High

Low

Charge complete

High

Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range)

Flash

Charging fault

High

DSEL = Float

(Mode 3)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault

Low

High

Pre-charge qualification

Flash

Low

Fast charge: current regulation

Low

High

Low

Fast charge: voltage regulation

High

Low

Charge complete

High

Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range)

Flash

Charging fault

High

Note:

1 = V

; 0 = V

; X = LED state when fault occurred; Flash =

sec. low,

sec high.

Table 1. bq2054 Display Output Summary

Fast charge terminates when the charging current drops
below a minimum current threshold programmed by the
value of I

TERM

(see Table 2) and remains below that

level for 120

± 40ms.

Figure 3 shows the bq2054 configured for display mode 2
and I

MIN

= I

MAX

/10.

Voltage and Current Monitoring

The bq2054 monitors battery pack voltage at the BAT
pin.

The user must implement a voltage divider be-

tween the positive and negative terminals of the battery
pack to present a scaled battery pack voltage to the BAT
pin. The bq2054 also uses the voltage across a sense re-
sistor (R

SNS

) between the negative terminal of the bat-

tery pack and ground to monitor the current into the
pack. See Figure 4 for the configuration of this network.

The resistor values are calculated from the following:

Equation 1

RB1

RB2

REG

205

where:

N = Number of cells in series

REG

= Desired fast-charging voltage per cell

These parameters are typically specified by the battery
manufacturer. The total resistance presented across the
battery pack by RB1 + RB2 should be between 150k

and 1M

. The minimum value ensures that the divider

network does not drain the battery excessively when the
power source is disconnected. Exceeding the maximum
value increases the noise susceptibility of the BAT pin.

The current sense resistor, R

SNS

(see Figure 5), deter-

mines the fast charge current.

The value of R

SNS

given by the following:

Equation 2

MAX

SNS

0 250

where:

MAX

= Desired maximum charge current

Hold-Off Period

Both V

HCO

and I

MIN

terminations are ignored during

the first 1.33

± 0.19 seconds of both the Charge Qualifi-

cation and Fast Charge phases. This condition prevents
premature termination due to voltage spikes that may
occur when charge is first applied.

bq2054

Table 2. I

MIN

Termination Thresholds

TERM

MIN

MAX

/10

MAX

/20

Float

MAX

/30

Battery Insertion and Removal

CELL

is interpreted by the bq2054 to detect the pres-

ence or absence of a battery. The bq2054 determines
that a battery is present when V

CELL

is between the

High-Voltage Cutoff (V

HCO

= V

REG

+ 0.25V) and

the Low-Voltage Cutoff (V

LCO

= 0.8V). When V

CELL

outside this range, the bq2054 determines that no bat-
tery is present and transitions to the Fault state. Tran-
sitions into and out of the range between V

LCO

and V

HCO

are treated as battery insertions and removals, respec-
tively. The V

HCO

limit also implicitly serves as an over-

voltage charge termination.

Inrush Current Control

Whenever the bq2054 is in the fault or charge-complete
state, the ICTL output is driven low. This output can be
used to disconnect the capacitor usually present in the
charger across the positive and negative battery termi-
nals, preventing the cap from supplying large inrush
currents to a newly inserted battery. Such inrush cur-
rents may trip the overcurrent protection circuitry usu-
ally present in Li-Ion battery packs.

Temperature Monitoring

The bq2054 monitors temperature by examining the
voltage presented between the TS and SNS pins by a re-
sistor network that includes a Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC) thermistor.

Resistance variations

around that value are interpreted as being proportional
to the battery temperature (see Figure 6).

The temperature thresholds used by the bq2054 and
their corresponding TS pin voltage are:

TCO (Temperature Cutoff): Higher limit of the tem-
perature range in which charging is allowed. V

TCO

0.4 * V

HTF (High-Temperature Fault): Threshold to which
temperature must drop after temperature cutoff is
exceeded before charging can begin again.

HTF

0.44 * V

LTF (Low-Temperature Fault):

Lower limit of the

temperature range in which charging is allowed.
V

LTF

= 0.6 * V

VCC

VLTF = 0.6VCC

VHTF = 0.44VCC

VTCO = 0.4VCC

Hotter

VSS

TCO

HTF

LTF

Colder

age

Temperature

Figure 6. Voltage Equivalent

of Temperature

SNS

bq2054

VCC

BAT -

VSS

RSNS

RT2

RT1

VSS

VCC

°t

NTC
Thermistor

Figure 5. Configuring

Temperature Sensing

bq2054

A resistor-divider network can be implemented that
presents the defined voltage levels to the TS pin at the
desired temperatures (see Figure 6).

The equations for determining RT1 and RT2 are:

Equation 3

0 6

0 250

. *

(

)

* (

)

(

)

RT1

RT2

LTF

Equation 4

0 44

* (

)

(

)

RT1

RT2

HTF

where:

LTF

= thermistor resistance at LTF

HTF

= thermistor resistance at HTF

TCO is determined by the values of RT1 and RT2. 1%
resistors are recommended.

Disabling Temperature Sensing

Temperature sensing can be disabled by placing 10k

resistors between TS and SNS and between SNS and
V

Maximum Time-Out

MTO is programmed from 1 to 24 hours by an R-C net-
work on the TM pin (see Figure 7) per the equation:

Equation 5

MTO

= 0.5 * R * C

Where R is in k

and C is in µF, t

MTO

is in hours. The

maximum value for C (0.1

µF) is typically used.

The MTO timer is reset at the beginning of fast charge
and when fast charge transitions from the current regu-
lated to the voltage regulated mode. If MTO expires dur-
ing the current regulated phase, the bq2054 enters the
Fault state and terminates charge. If the MTO timer ex-
pires during the voltage regulated phase, fast charging
terminates and the bq2054 enters the Charge Complete
state.

The MTO timer is suspended (but not reset) during the
out-of-range temperature (Charge Pending) state.

Charge Regulation

The bq2054 controls charging through pulse-width
modulation of the MOD output pin, supporting both
constant-current and constant-voltage regulation.
Charge current is monitored at the SNS pin, and charge
voltage is monitored at the BAT pin. These voltages are
compared to an internal reference, and the MOD output
modulated to maintain the desired value.

Voltage at the SNS pin is determined by the value of re-
sistor R

SNS

, so nominal regulated current is set by:

Equation 6

MAX

= 0.250V/R

SNS

The switching frequency of the MOD output is deter-
mined by an external capacitor (CPWM) between the
pin TPWM and ground, per the following:

Equation 7

PWM

= 0.1/C

PWM

Where C is in

µF and F is in kHz. A typical switching

rate is 100kHz, implying C

PWM

= 0.001

µF. MOD pulse

width is modulated between 0 and 90% of the switching
period.

To prevent oscillation in the voltage and current control
loops, frequency compensation networks (C or R-C) are typi-
cally required on the V

COMP

and I

COMP

pins (respectively).

FG205406.eps

VCC

VSS

bq2054

VSS

VCC

Figure 7. R-C Network for Setting MTO

bq2054

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Symbol

Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Unit

Notes

relative to V

-0.3

+7.0

DC voltage applied on any pin ex-
cluding V

relative to V

-0.3

+7.0

OPR

Operating ambient temperature

-20

+70

°C

Commercial

STG

Storage temperature

-55

+125

°C

SOLDER

Soldering temperature

+260

°C

10 sec. max.

Note:

Permanent device damage may occur if Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional opera-
tion should be limited to the Recommended DC Operating Conditions detailed in this data sheet. Expo-
sure to conditions beyond the operational limits for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.

bq2054

DC Thresholds

(TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V

±10%)

Symbol

Parameter

Rating

Unit

Tolerance

Notes

REF

Internal reference voltage

2.05

= 25°C

Temperature coefficient

-0.5

mV/°C

10%

LTF

TS maximum threshold

0.6 * V

±0.03V

Low-temperature fault

HTF

TS hysteresis threshold

0.44 * V

±0.03V

High-temperature fault

TCO

TS minimum threshold

0.4 * V

±0.03V

Temperature cutoff

HCO

High cutoff voltage

2.3V

MIN

Under-voltage threshold at BAT

0.2 * V

±0.03V

LCO

Low cutoff voltage

0.8

±0.03V

SNS

Current sense at SNS

0.250

10%

MAX

0.050

10%

COND

bq2054

Recommended DC Operating Conditions

(TA = TOPR)

Symbol

Parameter

Minimum

Typical

Maximum

Unit

Notes

Supply voltage

4.5

5.0

5.5

TEMP

Temperature sense voltage

- V

SNS

CELL

Per cell battery voltage input

BAT

- V

SNS

Supply current

Outputs unloaded

DSEL tri-state open detection

-2

µA

Note 2

TERM

tri-state open detection

-2

µA

Logic input high

-0.3

DSEL, I

TERM

Logic input low

+0.3

DSEL, I

TERM

LED

1-3

, ICTL, output high

-0.8

10mA

MOD output high

-0.8

10mA

LED

1-3

, ICTL, output low

+0.8V

10mA

MOD output low

+0.8V

10mA

LCOM output low

SS+

0.5

30mA

LED

1-3

, ICTL, source

-10

-0.5V

MOD source

-5.0

-0.5V

LED

1-3

, ICTL, sink

= V

+0.5V

MOD sink

= V

+0.8V

LCOM sink

= V

+0.5V

DSEL logic input low source

+30

µA

V = V

to V

+ 0.3V, Note 2

TERM

logic input low source

+70

µA

V = V

to V

+ 0.3V

DSEL logic input high source

-30

µA

V = V

- 0.3V to V

TERM

logic input high source

-70

µA

V = V

- 0.3V to V

Notes:

All voltages relative to V

except where noted.

Conditions during initialization after V

applied.

bq2054

Impedance

Symbol

Parameter

Minimum

Typical

Maximum

Unit

Notes

BATZ

BAT pin input impedance

SNSZ

SNS pin input impedance

TSZ

TS pin input impedance

PROG1

Soft-programmed pull-up or pull-down
resistor value (for programming)

DSEL

PROG2

Pull-up or pull-down resistor value

TERM

MTO

Charge timer resistor

480

Timing

(TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V

±10%)

Symbol

Parameter

Minimum

Typical

Maximum

Unit

Notes

MTO

Charge time-out range

hours

See Figure 7

Pre-charge qual test time-out period

MTO

Termination hold-off period

1.14

1.52

sec.

IMIN

Min. current detect filter period

160

msec.

PWM

PWM regulator frequency range

100

kHz

PWM

= 0.001

µF

(equation 7)

Capacitance

Symbol

Parameter

Minimum

Typical

Maximum

Unit

MTO

Charge timer capacitor

0.1

µF

PWM

PWM R-C capacitance

0.001

µF

bq2054

bq2054

16-Pin PN (0.300" DIP)

Dimension

Inches

Millimeters

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

0.160

0.180

4.06

4.57

0.015

0.040

0.38

1.02

0.015

0.022

0.38

0.56

0.055

0.065

1.40

1.65

0.008

0.013

0.20

0.33

0.740

0.770

18.80

19.56

0.300

0.325

7.62

8.26

0.230

0.280

5.84

7.11

0.300

0.370

7.62

9.40

0.090

0.110

2.29

2.79

0.115

0.150

2.92

3.81

0.020

0.040

0.51

1.02

16-Pin DIP Narrow (PN)

16-Pin SOIC Narrow (SN)

.004

16-Pin SN (0.150" SOIC)

Dimension

Inches

Millimeters

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

0.060

0.070

1.52

1.78

0.004

0.010

0.10

0.25

0.013

0.020

0.33

0.51

0.007

0.010

0.18

0.25

0.385

0.400

9.78

10.16

0.150

0.160

3.81

4.06

0.045

0.055

1.14

1.40

0.225

0.245

5.72

6.22

0.015

0.035

0.38

0.89

bq2054

Data Sheet Revision History

Change No. Page No.

Description

Nature of Change

5, 7, 8, 10 Value Change

Changed V

SNS

and I

MAX

5, 10

Value Change

Changed V

REF

Coefficient Addition

Temperature coefficient added

New state diagram

Diagram inserted

1, 2, 8, 12

NC pin replaced with ICTL

3, 5, 13

Termination hold-off period added
I

MIN

detect filtering added

HCO

Rating changed to 2.3V

HCO

Tolerance changed to 1%

Changed values for V

HCO

in Timing Specifications

changed from (0.16

MTO

) to t

MTO

TERM

in Table 2

Z changes to Float

Figure 6

RB1 and RB2 changed to RT1 and RT2

OPR

Deleted industrial temperature range.

Notes:

Change 3 = April 1996 C changes from Dec. 1995 B.
Change 4 = Sept. 1996 D changes from April 1996 C.
Change 5 = Nov. 1996 E changes from Sept. 1996 D.
Change 6 = Oct. 1997 F changes from Nov. 1996 E.
Change 7 = Oct. 1997 G changes from Oct. 1997 F.
Change 8 = June 1999 H changes from Oct. 1997 G.

Ordering Information

bq2054

Package Option:

PN = 16-pin plastic DIP
SN = 16-pin narrow SOIC

Device:

bq2054 Li-Ion Fast-Charge IC

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TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent
that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other
intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such
semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI's publication of information regarding any third
party's products or services does not constitute TI's approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.

1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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